A significant number of people are found to reside in seismically active areas, where they are vulnerable to earthquakes of different intensities and frequencies. In the field of earthquake engineering, it is now widely accepted that tolerating a certain amount of damage is necessary for the right design of a structure to withstand seismic forces in a seismically active region.

Sometimes referred to as a real estate development model, a pro forma is a feasibility analysis of a planned real estate development or project that forecasts the financial viability and the returns that could be expected when the property is sold